Arvind Satyanarayan, Dominik Moritz, Kanit Wongsuphasawat, Jeffrey Heer. MIT CSAIL, IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics (Proc. This paper presents a mobile approach of integrating tangible user feedback in today's virtual TV studio productions. To construct keyframes, the selection queries a subset of data tuples to include in the keyframe based on the current value of anim_value. Interactive pauses are specified using the filter property of Vega-Lite event streams. However, instead of reacting to input events, animated selections use a timer event stream to advance an internal clock representing the elapsed time of the animation in milliseconds (ms). IEEE Trans. Visualization toolkits such as D3[2], Plotly[31], and Matplotlib[13] offer a number of facilities for authoring and composing interaction and animation including typologies of techniques (e.g., brushing, hovering, and animation frames) through to event callbacks and transition functions. For example, a user can bind a checkbox to a parameter named is_playing, and use the following event stream definition to pause the visualization when the box is checked: "on":{"type":"timer","filter":"is_playing"}. And our support for enter and exit could be extended to operate not just on data, but also on these more expressive encoding changes. Thus, lower-level and imperative languages will necessarily be more expressive: for instance, D3 can express both scene and segue animations, but using different language constructs (timer event loops and transition functions, respectively). Vega-Lite: a grammar of interactive graphics | the morning paper Analyzing these processes via the Cognitive Dimensions of Notation[44], we find that iterating closely with end users in a natural programming process yields a grammar that closely maps to common user mental models. found that animated trend visualizations are outperformed by static small multiples displays[33]. Vega-Lite: A Grammar of Interactive Graphics | Request PDF - ResearchGate She does this by writing inequality expressions referencing the reserved name anim_value, which stores the current data value of the animation. The original Vega-Lite paper contains an interactive version of this example, which instead populates the point selection on mouse hover events [36]. Over the duration of the animation, each keyframe is shown sequentially. of Data Animator[46], Tong Ge of Canis[9] and CAST[8], Thomas Lin Pedersen of gganimate[41], and Younghoon Kim of Gemini[19] and Gemini2[18]. UW Interactive Data Lab | Bibtex Just as x and y encodings map data values to spatial positions measured in pixels, a time encoding maps data values to temporal positions measured in elapsed milliseconds. FAIR and Interactive Data Graphics from a Scientific Knowledge - Nature Thus, to compose animation with static visualizations, we represent time as an encoding channel. However, these studies have also echoed concerns from Tversky et al. Vega: The Grammar of Interactive Graphics - paulvanderlaken.com Consider the successive keyframes with year values 1955 and 1960. 2A shows the Animated Vega-Lite specification for Roslings Gapminder animation [34]. Instead of enabling positional comparisons to a fixed scale, the animation prioritizes making the ordering of the top-ranked bars salient. Moreover, in section7 we conduct a detailed comparison between Animated Vega-Lite and gganimate[43], Data Animator[46], Gemini/Gemini2[19, 18], and Canis/CAST[9, 8]. If the user does not specify a key field, the Animated Vega-Lite compiler attempts to infer a sensible default based on the mark type and other specified categorical channels such as color or detailan approach that follows Vega-Lites existing inferences. between scene- and segue-dominant abstractions (subsubsection7.2.1). Read our introduction article to Vega-Lite v2 on Medium, watch our OpenVis Conf talk about the new features in Vega-Lite v2, check out the documentation and take a look at our example gallery. In contrast to existing reactive specifications, Vega-Lite selections decompose an interaction design into concise, enumerable semantic units. Its design is motivated by the key insight that interaction and animation are parallel concepts (section3). As a result, at any given time, there is an internal variable that has a data value corresponding to the animations current time. For two given successive keyframes, rows that share the same value for the key field are treated as the start and end states for a single mark instance. With Animated Vega-Lite, Imani was able to move between static, interactive, and animated visualizations through a series of atomic edits or otherwise localized changes rather than larger-scale refactoring or restructuring of code. These events drive Vega-Lite selec- Vega-Lite: A Grammar of Interactive Graphics - Microsoft Research In Vega-Lite, selections can be applied to other language constructs, including conditional mark encodings, scale domains, or data transformations [52]. To illustrate the affordances of this approach, we present an example walkthrough following Imani, an ornithologist, as she plans a new birdwatching expedition. Moreover, Coblenz et al. Using these primitives, one could specify a sync that splits the animation into the circle and the line, and then concat the many stages of the Gun Deaths animation together. Though the default domain is sufficient to express most common animations, a user may want to override the domain. Under the hood, the selection receives a stream of mouseover events with x and y coordinates in pixels. Vega-Lite . We discussed keyframe concepts with every interviewee, and they would often use keyframes to pose comparisons between different systems abstractions. To that end, both groups conducted interviews prompting experienced animators to sketch interfaces or write pseudocode to recreate exemplar animated visualizations[45, 19]. Because parametric transitions depend on data, individual marks can have different timing properties during the same transition. An encoding uses a scale function to map from the data domain to a visual range. The default range maps 1955 to 0ms, 1960 to 500ms, 1965 to 1000ms, and so on. This selection is defined using a predicate that defines a sliding window over the x-axis field. As we also designed Vega-Lite to support data analysis, Vega-Lite supports both data transformations (e.g., aggregation, binning, filtering, sorting) and visual transformations (e.g., stacking and faceting). In addition to achieving broad coverage over the two taxonomies, our system also supports simulation techniques including hypothetical outcome plots (Figure5e) [12]. Some of the most compelling animated examples cannot be represented as a linear sequence of transitions, parametric or not. Click on an example to open the Animated Vega-Lite editor. Using this scene and segue distinction, Animated Vega-Lite and gganimate may be categorized as scene-dominant grammars. Zooming, another example of view transformation, is also described as an abstract/elaborate interaction because it can be used to show data at different levels of detail. 4 demonstrates the use of rescale. To convert Animated Vega-Lite into low-level Vega, we use the existing Vega-Lite compiler to make the initial conversion into Vega (using a copy of the specification with animation removed), and then call a series of functions to compile animation-specific parts of the spec and merge them with the output Vega. As section3 describes, users can make atomic edits (i.e., changing individual keywords, or adding a localized handful of lines of specification code) to rapidly explore designs across the three modalities. Thompson & Liu also co-authored the original critical reflections paper[35]. Users specify interactive semantics by composing selections. Following best practices[32], we assess our contribution with multiple evaluation methods. University of Washington, Kanit Wongsuphasawat To evaluate Animated Vega-Lites expressiveness, we created an example gallery to demonstrate coverage over both Yi et al.s taxonomy of interaction intents[51] and Heer & Robertsons taxonomy of transition types in animated statistical graphics [11]. By adding tweening, the animation will give the visual impression of continuous change over time even when data represents discrete measurements. Though select interactions lack an explicitly defined corresponding animation type, conditional encoding is a commonly used technique in animated visualizations. Please see the contributors page for the full list of contributors. This animated scatterplot shows replays of world record swimmers. We focused on animation grammar developers because the interactive grammar was evaluated in the original Vega-Lite paper. To answer this question, Imani needs finer control over the animation state. However, Imani is quickly overwhelmed as the size of the dataset produces too many overlapping lines for this static view to be useful, even after adjusting mark opacity. But, as Thompson identified in his post-interview, parametric transitions also increase the expressive gamut of scene animations. Both systems support an additional collection of visual encoding transformations. Summary. We describe a tangible multitouch planning system, enabling a single user to prepare and customize scene flow and settings. Animated selections are analogous to interactive selections. Song, M. Yong, M. A. Hearst, and A. G. Parameswaran, Lux: always-on visualization recommendations for exploratory dataframe workflows, M. Lu, N. Fish, S. Wang, J. Lanir, D. Cohen-Or, and H. Huang, Enhancing Static Charts With Data-Driven Animations, Integrated Visualization Editing via Parameterized Declarative Templates, L. A. Meyerovich, A. Guha, J. Baskin, G. H. Cooper, M. Greenberg, A. Bromfield, and S. Krishnamurthi, Flapjax: a programming language for Ajax applications, Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object oriented programming systems languages and applications, https://observablehq.com/@d3/bar-chart-race-explained, D. Moritz, C. Wang, G. L. Nelson, H. Lin, A. M. Smith, B. Howe, and J. Heer, Formalizing Visualization Design Knowledge as Constraints: Actionable and Extensible Models in Draco, Natural programming languages and environments, United States gun death data visualization, D. Ren, B. Lee, M. Brehmer, and N. H. Riche, Reflecting on the Evaluation of Visualization Authoring Systems : Position Paper, 2018 IEEE Evaluation and Beyond - Methodological Approaches for Visualization (BELIV), G. Robertson, R. Fernandez, D. Fisher, B. Lee, and J. Stasko, Effectiveness of Animation in Trend Visualization, https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen, A. Satyanarayan, B. Lee, D. Ren, J. Heer, J. Stasko, J. Thompson, M. Brehmer, and Z. Liu, Critical Reflections on Visualization Authoring Systems, A. Satyanarayan, D. Moritz, K. Wongsuphasawat, and J. Heer, Vega-Lite: A Grammar of Interactive Graphics, A. Satyanarayan, R. Russell, J. Hoffswell, and J. Heer, Reactive Vega: A Streaming Dataflow Architecture for Declarative Interactive Visualization, A. Satyanarayan, K. Wongsuphasawat, and J. Heer, Declarative interaction design for data visualization, Proceedings of the 27th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, X. Shu, A. Wu, J. Tang, B. Bach, Y. Wu, and H. Qu, A visual introduction to machine learning, Part II, http://www.r2d3.us/visual-intro-to-machine-learning-part-2/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21ZWDrTukEs, Gganimate has transitioned to a state of release, https://www.data-imaginist.com/2019/gganimate-has-transitioned-to-a-state-of-release/, J. Thompson, Z. Liu, W. Li, and J. Stasko, Understanding the Design Space and Authoring Paradigms for Animated Data Graphics, Data Animator: Authoring Expressive Animated Data Graphics, B. Tversky, J. customization. 1955, 1960, 1965, , 2005) (Fig. You signed in with another tab or window. We are not certain that any of the grammars we have discussed in our critical reflections can easily express this animation, because it involves both scene and segue animation. Vega-Lite combines a traditional grammar of graphics, providing visual encoding rules and a composition algebra for layered and multi-view displays, with a novel grammar of interaction. And, as previously discussed in subsubsection4.2.1, animated selections can be applied to the same set of dynamic visual behaviors as interactive selections. It creates Vega-level scales for the time encoding, and signals to handle inversions between the animation clock and the corresponding data value at that time. To achieve the desired behavior, the user instead specifies a custom domain representing the continuous interval between 00:00 and 23:30. Try using Vega-Lite in the online Vega Editor.. Vega-Lite: A Grammar of Interactive Graphics | CMU Data Interaction Group Pedersen provides one explanation for why our approach is complementary to the existing systems we studied. As with existing encoding channels, if a scale is not specified by the user, Vega-Lite infers default scale properties. For each year, each scatterplot point is identified by a unique country value. For example, the authors of Data Animator and Gemini were both motivated in part by R2D3[40]. Rescale is enabled in Fig. In other words, selection-based animations are strictly more expressive than animations using only time encoding. However, our current approach faces performance challenges that could be improved with internal changes to Vega and Vega-Lite. I have no clue how to do that [in Data Animator]. suggest adapting natural programming by progressively prompting a user with incrementally more information about a languages proposed API. A. Myers, PLIERS: A Process that Integrates User-Centered Methods into Programming Language Design, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, P. Dragicevic, A. Bezerianos, W. Javed, N. Elmqvist, and J. Fekete, Temporal distortion for animated transitions, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings of the second ACM SIGPLAN international conference on Functional programming, CAST: Authoring Data-Driven Chart Animations, Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, T. Ge, Y. Zhao, B. Lee, D. Ren, B. Chen, and Y. Wang, Canis: A High-Level Language for Data-Driven Chart Animations.
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